tags: Optics
Rayleigh scattering 雷利散射
Video
Introduction
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當粒子尺度比波長小得多時
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微小顆粒(例如單個原子或分子)對入射光束的散射
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彈性散射:與入射的光子能量、頻率與波長是相同的
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向四面八方散射
- 特例:若散射光恰好與入射光方向相反,則又稱為 Backscatter
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公式:
Example
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平常天空是藍的? 日落的天空是紅的? WHY?
Backscatter 背向散射
Video
Introduction
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Backscatter:Rayleigh scatter 的一種
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the reflection of waves, particles, or signals back to the direction from which they came.
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Inelastic collisions 非彈性碰撞 between electromagnetic waves and the transmitting medium (Brillouin scattering and Raman scattering), important in fiber optics.
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The light propagating in the sensing fiber and the resulting backscattering is very responsive to environmental changes and, therefore, optical fiber sensors are extremely sensitive and can provide very fine spatial resolution along the fiber length.
Waveguides 波導
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in fiber optics applications to detect optical faults.
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Light propagating through a fiber optic cable gradually attenuates due to Rayleigh scattering.
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Faults are thus detected by monitoring the variation of part of the Rayleigh backscattered light.
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圖形斜率與光損耗有關
Fresnel Reflection
Video
Introduction
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一部分光會被折射,一部分光會被反射,反射的稱為 Fresnel Reflection
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在光纖中也會發生,例如:光纖、空氣的gap
OTDR
- Optical Time Domain Reflectometer 光時域反射儀
Video
Introduction
- 利用光的速度及光所行走的時間,來得到距離:
D = c * t / n / 2
- OTDR 功用
- optical power
- distance
- splice loss
- reflection
- OTDR 圖說
- Rayleigh Scattering
- ps:圖(1d)為舊資料,熔接點現在的技術可以沒有反射,甚至0損耗
損耗、反射
- 光纖中的熔接頭和微彎都會帶來損耗,但不會引起反射
- 活動連接器、機械接頭和光纖中的斷裂點都會引起損耗和反射
Raman scattering
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非彈性散射
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the interaction of photons with molecular vibrational and rotational transitions
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光波在被散射後頻率發生變化,通常是頻率減少 (能量交換、減少)
- Stokes:失去能量,頻率減少
- anti-Stokes:吸收能量,頻率增加
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比較
- Rayleigh scattering:大部分的光子
- Raman scattering:1/107
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濾波容易
- The large wavelength separation
- 訊號離Rayleigh較遠
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訊號較弱:the signal intensity from Raman scattering is the weakest of the three scattering processes
- 為了改善此現象,必須增強輸入的光源、脈衝訊號
- MMF 比 SMF 優
- 濾波容易
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頻移:譜線相對於光源頻率的差值,單位:wavenumber 波數
溫度
- anti-Stokes 較敏感
Brillouin scattering
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非彈性散射
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入射光與聲子相互作用
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光波與聲波在光纖中傳播時相互作用而產生的光散射
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檢測光纖中的機械應變和溫度
- In Brillouin scattering, the intensity and frequency of the Stokes (red-shifted) and Anti-Stokes (blue-shifted) signals depend on temperature and strain
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濾波
- close to the input signal
- 較接近雷利散射,所以相對於Raman較難濾波
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比較
- Raman scattering:光子
- Brillouin scattering:聲子,光子被“聲子”散射的結果
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利用不同的入射光波長,來取得特定的訊號
比較
Extensive 延伸閱讀
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Dead Zone 盲區
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